6 Minute English The teenage brain

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How does a young person's brain affect what they do?

We look inside the teenage brain and find out what's going. Neil and Rob discuss how this important organ affects the way young people behave and there'll be some brain-related vocabulary to learn.

This week's question

What part of the brain is connected with basic emotions? Is it the…
a) prefrontal cortex?
b) cerebral cortex?
c) limbic sytem?

Vocabulary

hoody
a jumper or sweatshirt that has a hood on it
detention
a period of time children have to stay at school after classes have finished as a punishment
hormones
natural chemicals produced in animals that control how they develop and grow
adolescence
time period in life when a person changes into an adult
inhibits
(here) slows down or stops
get a kick out of something
(informal) to enjoy
limbic system
part of the brain that encourages young people to take risks
prefrontal cortex
part of the brain that encourages a young person to slow down
brainy
clever
nothing between the ears
stupid
butt of a joke
target of someone's joke/made fun of
parody
copy someone's style in an exaggerated way
to demonize
to talk about someone/something to make people believe they are/it is evil or threatening

Transcript

Note: This is not a word-for-word transcript
Neil
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Neil…
Rob                                                                   
… and I'm Rob. Hello.
Neil                                        
Hello, Rob. I like your new hoody.
Rob
Oh, right! Thanks a lot. A hoody is a sweatshirt with a hood, by the way. You don't think I'm too old for hoodies, do you?
Neil
Never. No, no. You too old? Never, Rob! It’s all about how young you feel inside, isn't it?
Rob
Is that right? Well, I don’t feel a day over sixteen, Neil.
Neil
Excellent! Now, that might help you because in this programme we’re talking about the teenage brain! So, are you ready for today's quiz question, Rob?
Rob
Yes, I am Neil. Fire away.
NeilOK. What part of the brain is connected with basic emotions? Is it the…
a) prefrontal cortex?
b) cerebral cortex?
or c) limbic sytem?
RobOK. I was terrible at biology – I never listened in class. So I'm going to have to take a guess and say the answer is a) prefrontal cortex.
Neil
OK, well. We’ll find out if that’s the right answer at the end of the programme. Now Rob, were you a well-behaved student?
RobWell, I wasn't badly behaved. But we had a horrible school uniform and sometimes I got detention just for having my shirt hanging out.
Neil
Well, that's pretty harsh! Detention means having to stay at school after the day to do extra work.
RobYes it was a punishment for doing something wrong. Now some people think that typical teenage behaviour such as embarrassment, anxiety, mood swings and risk taking is caused by changing hormones.
Neil
Mood swings are sudden changes of mood and hormones are chemicals in the body that stimulate cells and organs into action.
RobYes. I bet you were a moody teenager, Neil!
NeilI might have been (in a teenage voice)… no, let's not go there, Rob. Now, apparently, it’s not only our hormones that change when we reach adolescence – that’s the age when we start changing into an adult.
RobThat's right. According to scientific research, some teenage behaviour is probably caused by changes in the brain. Let's listen to Professor Sarah-Jayne Blakemore talking about this. What's the phrase she uses to mean 'to enjoy'?
INSERT
Sarah-Jayne Blakemore, Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College LondonThere's a pretty established theory of risk taking – the biological basis of risk taking – which is that two different systems in the brain developed at different rates. The parts of the brain called the limbic system, which includes the regions of the brain that give you a rewarding feeling out of taking a risk, a kind of kick out of taking a risk, and an emotion out of taking a risk, are developing more quickly than the part of the brain called the pre-frontal cortex, which inhibits risk taking.
NeilSo what risks do teenagers typically take?
RobWell. The things most parents worry about, such as drinking, smoking, possibly taking drugs, and driving too fast.
NeilAnd the reason that they take these risks might be because the area of the brain that rewards risk-taking behaviour develops more quickly than the area of the brain that inhibits – or slows down – risk-taking behaviour.
RobAnd what was the phrase she used to mean 'enjoy something'?
NeilIt was to get a kick out of something. Teenagers 'get a kick out of' and are rewarded for taking risks by one part of the brain – the limbic system – while the other part – the pre-frontal cortex – does little to slow things down.
RobWell, that sounds more fun than being an adult. But actually, we often give teenagers a hard time. Let's hear more about this from Sarah-Jayne.
Sarah-Jayne Blakemore, Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience at University College LondonSomething that I've noticed since working with teenagers is that they are the butt of many jokes. And they're parodied left, right and centre. They're demonized in newspapers. And whenever I tweet anything about the teenage brain – which I do quite frequently – invariably, inevitably, I'll get a reply from someone saying, 'Oh, what, teenagers actually have brains?'
NeilNow of course some teenagers are very brainy – brainy is another way of saying clever. I know young people who are brilliant at maths, art and science.
RobBut we heard Sarah-Jayne describe teenagers as being the butt of a joke – that means to be its target. And if you parody someone you copy their style in an exaggerated way to make people laugh.
NeilAnd to demonize a person or a group means to talk about them as if they were evil or threatening. Poor teenagers, Rob!
RobOh, don't worry, Neil – they'll grow up and be like us one day! And now it's time to hear the answer to today’s quiz question.
Neil
Yes it is. I asked you, what part of the brain is connected with basic emotions? Is it the… a) prefrontal cortex? b) cerebral cortex? or c) limbic system?
Rob
And I chose a) prefrontal cortex. Was I right?
Neil
Well. I'm afraid to say, Rob, that you were absolutely wrong.
RobUsing the wrong part of my brain, obviously.
NeilYes. The answer is c) the limbic system. But don't get too emotional about getting that wrong and instead, please remind us of the words we learned today?
RobGood idea. We heard:
hoodydetention
hormones
adolescence
inhibits
get a kick out of something
limbic system
prefrontal cortex
brainy
butt of a joke
parody
to demonize
NeilWell, that's the end of today's 6 Minute English100 Level Learn english Speaking fast 1 month with Bacitikdaithanh

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6 Minute English Food banks

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Feeding Britain's poorest

The UK economy is now growing after the 2008 recession. But millions of people are still struggling to survive. Rob and Finn discuss how food banks work and how they help people in need.

This week's question

How many British people are estimated to have used food banks?
a) 15,000
b) 240,000
c) 500,000
Listen to the programme to find out the answer.

Vocabulary

make people redundant
a company pays people to leave because it has economic problems
zero hours contract
a legal agreement in which a person only works when the employer needs them and so has no regular or guaranteed amount of work or working hours
open door
unlimited access
referrals
a process where someone is sent to see someone else for help or advice
handoutsitems, such as food or money, that is given away free to someone who needs it
limited stocks
a shortage of goods
scroungers
people who want something for nothing
dignity
respect people have for you or that you have for yourself
ready meals
food which only needs heating
goes into the mix
part of the overall package

Transcript

Note: This is not a word-for-word transcript
Rob
Hello, I'm Rob. Welcome to 6 Minute English. With me today is Finn. Hello, Finn.
Finn
Hi Rob!
Rob
In this programme we're going to be talking about food banks in the UK.
FinnYes, food banks. But what exactly are they?
Rob
Well, you can find them all over the country nowadays. They're part of a system where people who are struggling financially are given free food to cook or eat which other people have donated – or given for free.
Finn
We mean that people in modern-day Britain are so hard-up – that means they've got so little money – that they can't afford to buy their own food? It does seem extraordinary, doesn't it?
Rob
Yeah, it does. Well, today's question is about the people who use the food banks. So Finn, do you know how many British people are estimated to have used them? Is it…
a) 15,000?
b) 240,000?
or c) 500,000?
Finn
I'll say 240,000, Rob.
Rob
Well, we'll see if you're right at the end of the programme. Let's talk now about why food banks have opened up in the UK.
Finn
Yes, well, I suppose one place to start is the financial crisis of 2008 which made a lot of people redundant – that means they were asked to leave their jobs by their companies – so they became unemployed.
Rob
Then there were the cuts to the welfare system in 2013 which added to the problem.
Finn
Rising food prices themselves are another reason. And heating bills in the winter can be expensive. People fall into debt. You know, lots of things.
Rob
And remember that it's not just unemployment, Finn, but underemployment, too. There are some people on what is called zero-hours contracts and doing part-time work and they don't earn enough money to buy some of the essential things in life.
Finn
So there really are a lot of different factors, aren't there.
Rob
Well, let's listen to Steph Hagen as she explains how her food bank in Nottingham works. She uses an expression that means 'unlimited access'.
Steph Hagen
People do not go to a food bank because it's an open door, it's an open shop. It's a case of they go to it because they need to. And also with our food bank – we are an independent one, and we have limited stocks – so everybody who comes through our door has no income whatsoever.
Finn
She said "open door". This means unlimited access.
Rob
And she said she had "limited stocks". This means 'a shortage of goods' – there's not enough food for everybody.
Finn
But Rob, surely this food bank system is open to abuse as well? What's to stop anyone just turning up and asking for food?
Rob
Well, there are checks in place and there's a system of referrals. If a doctor or a social worker thinks someone needs to use a food bank – even for a short time – they can give them vouchers. Then they take the vouchers along to the food bank and they get handouts for three days.
Finn
Right. So, I see. I've heard that everything in food banks is donated – that means it's given for free. And churches and individual donors are the people who provide most of it.
Rob
Well, apparently, these food banks are a great meeting place for people who are lonely and depressed. The food bank volunteers then talk to the people who use them.
Finn
Some of these food banks also run courses about how to cook well on a low budget. So it's really not just handouts that these people get. It's information as well.
Rob
But because these people are poor they often can't afford to use gas or electricity for cooking. So the food banks make sure they also provide food which can be eaten cold.
Finn
That's right. And I think it would be wrong to assume that the users are just scroungers – now that means people who want something for nothing – because there's a loss of dignity and even shame attached to using these services and people would of course prefer not to have to do it. So, what food do they give out, Rob?
Rob
Well, let's listen to Steph again and see what she says. She uses an expression to describe canned food that only needs to be heated.
Steph Hagen
Basically, we've got porridge. We do occasionally get fresh produce but it's very rare, especially in the winter months. It's a case of, it's like, tinned fruit, tinned ready meals. What also goes into the mix, people don't realise we have to give out 'no-cooking' food parcels because people can't afford the gas and electric...
Finn
She said "tinned ready meals". This is canned food that only needs to be heated.
Rob
And she said "goes into the mix". This means it's 'part of the overall package'. She also made the point about the importance of giving out 'no-cooking' food parcels because some people don't have the electricity or the gas to cook the food. OK, Finn. So, would you like the answer to the quiz question now?
Finn
Yes, please, yes. You asked me how many British people are estimated to have used food banks. Was it: 15,000, 240,000 or 500,000? And I guessed 240,000.
Rob
Well, sorry, Finn. I'm afraid the answer is actually 500,000. And some experts say that there are 13 million people living below the poverty line in the UK right now.
Finn
It really does show how food banks – even in a country like ours – are really needed. It does make you think, doesn't it?
Rob
It does. Well, we're almost out of time now. So, let's remind ourselves of some of the words we've said today, Finn.
Finn
OK.
make people redundant
zero-hours contracts
open door
referrals
handouts
limited stocks
scroungers
dignity
ready meals
goes into the mix
Rob
Thank you. Well, that's it for today.

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6 Minute English The wonder of blood

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What part of our body have scientists discovered can heal and help us?

For centuries, people have known that human blood is a remarkable substance. But they never really knew just how complex it was. Modern science is now showing us all the amazing things it does. Rob and Finn talk about how detailed research into blood's properties has given us all sorts of new ways to heal our bodies and improve the quality of our lives.

This week's question

If you laid out all the blood vessels in an adult body end to end how long would they be?
a) 30,000 miles
b) 100,000 miles
c) 200,000 miles
Listen to the programme to find out the answer.

Vocabulary

faint
lose consciousness
rejuvenate
give new life
transfusion
a medical procedure where an amount of blood is put into a human

cholesterol-high
a lot of a substance that contains fat and is found in the body tissue and blood of all animals
veins, arteries
tubes that carry blood from the heart and around the body
clotting
forming a solid lump
accelerate
go faster
treated
changed or transformed
probed
investigated
adapt
change in an appropriate way

Transcript

Note: This is not a word-for-word transcript
Rob
Hello, I'm Rob. Welcome to 6 Minute English. With me today is Finn. Hello, Finn.
FinnHi Rob!
RobIn this programme we're going to be talking about blood.
FinnYes. Blood? Did I ever tell you, Rob, that I really hate the sight of blood? And I've even been known to faint – that's to lose consciousness - at the sight of a needle.
RobCome on, Finn. I think you've got a lot to learn. You wouldn't be here without it, you know! It's a fascinating topic. All sorts of discoveries are being made these days, which could change medical science for ever.
FinnYes. Well, you are right, of course. Blood was even thought to relate to human character. People were hot-bloodied – quick to anger – or cold-bloodied – lacking in passion.
RobThere were all the myths about vampires when young blood was thought to revitalise older people. There's a dreadful story that a Hungarian countess had hundreds of young women killed so she could bathe in their blood and stay youthful-looking.
FinnRight. OK. And in Roman times, if a young gladiator died in battle, people used to drink his blood because they thought it would keep them healthy.
RobFor 3,000 years, people have been cut or given leeches to let out the blood because they thought that would make people better. Incredibly, it carried on until the 19th century. But it actually made people worse, or even killed them.
FinnSo I won't be doing that today.
RobOK. Instead, how about answering a question all about blood Finn?
FinnGo on then.
RobIf you laid out all the blood vessels in an adult body end to end how long would they be? Would they be…
a)      30,000 miles
b)      100,000 miles or
c)      200,000 miles long?
FinnWell, let's say 100,000 miles. That's b).
RobOK. Well, we'll see if you got the right answer at the end of the programme. OK, well let's talk more about blood now. We've heard about blood in history but Finn, did you know that today beauticians are running businesses in which people pay to have their blood extracted, then injected into their face?
FinnYes I have heard about this. It's thought to rejuvenate – that's to give new life to - their skin. Michael Mosley has had just that done to his face as an experiment. He's a doctor and presenter with the BBC. Let's listen to him talking about it. He uses an expression that means "go faster". Can you tell me what it is?
Michael Mosley, TV presenter and doctorSometimes known as the Vampire Facelift, PRP – Platelet Rich Plasma therapy – claims to accelerate healing and reverse the signs of ageing. First my blood is treated to make a concentrated solution of platelets in plasma. Next, this is injected directly into my face.
FinnOuch! And the word he used was "accelerate". Now that means to make faster.
RobAnd he said they "treated" his blood. This means "changed or transformed" it.
FinnWell, today, of course, controlled blood transfusion is a completely normal medical practice that saves countless lives. And blood donors – the people who give their blood – are an important part of healthcare.
RobYes, Finn, but there's all sorts of other amazing things that blood can do. If we are running at altitude – high up - the limbs get tired because there's not enough oxygen. The blood then starts creating new red cells and pours them into the system. That's why athletes often train in the mountains.
FinnAltitude training, isn't it? And, apparently, the different types of food you eat have an immediate effect on your blood, or rather the element of blood called plasma. So, if you eat a cholesterol-high breakfast, for example, very soon after that you can see the fat in the blood.
RobNice. Ideas about how blood moves around your body have changed a lot over the years too. The Romans thought blood flowed one way and came out of our feet and hands and was then burnt away. But William Harvey in the 17thcentury found that blood circulated via veins and arteries – these are the tubes in our body where blood is carried around.
FinnAnd let's not forget clotting – that's when the blood hardens. If our blood didn't clot when we cut ourselves we'd be dead within minutes. It is really fascinating isn't it? And we're just beginning to understand stem cells. These are also in the blood and are used to repair various organs in the body
RobModern science is really helping us to understand blood properly for the first time and showing us the way forward.
FinnNow Rob, before my blood boils, could you let me know the answer to the quiz question Rob?
RobYes. So, I asked you if you laid out all the blood vessels in an adult body end to end how long would they be: 30,000 miles, 100,000 miles or 200,000 miles?
FinnWell, I said 100,000 miles.
RobWow. And you know your blood vessels, because you got that question right.
FinnWell, I measured them earlier.
RobGood. And how do you feel about blood now?
FinnWell, I'm probably a bit scared of it still. But now that I know all of these wonderful things that it does, I really get why it's so important.
RobGreat. So, let's remind ourselves of some of the words we've said today, Finn.
FinnHere we are:
faint
rejuvenate
transfusion
cholesterol-high
veins and arteries
clotting
accelerate
treated
RobThank you. Well, that's it for today.

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6 Minute English Is a game just a game?

6 Minute English Why do gibbons sing duets?

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What are gibbons singing about?

Gibbons belong to a group of animals called primates. They are small apes that live in South East Asia. When they communicate with each other they sound like they are singing – and some sing in duets – but why?
Listen to Rob and Neil discussing screeching monkeys, the songs that gibbons sing and the evolution of human language whilst teaching some related vocabulary.

This week's question

How far can a gibbon's voice travel through the forest? Is it…
a) 500m
b) 1km
c) 5km?
Vocabulary
gibbonssmall apes that live in Southeast Asia
primatesanimals belonging to the same group as humans, which includes monkeys and apes
duets
songs sung by two people
a close shavea dangerous or difficult situation you just manage to avoid
screechingmaking a loud, high and unpleasant sound
face-offargument or fight
evocativebrings strong feelings or memories to mind
cacophonymix of loud noises, which often sound out of tune
territory an area of land
alertwarn
predatorsanimals that kills and eats other animals
ancestoran animal – or human – from the past that a modern animal or human has descended from
evolutionarya gradual process of change or development

Transcript

Note: This is not a word-for-word transcript
RobHello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Rob…
NeilAnd hello! I'm Neil.
RobHi there Neil. Have you ever had a close encounter with a monkey or an ape? 
NeilWell I’m sitting right next to you, Rob?
RobVery funny. Neil is referring to the fact that all humans are descended from apes, and apes and monkeys belong to a group of animals called primates.  The difference is that monkeys have tails, and apes don’t. 
NeilWell, I didn’t know that. On a serious note… I had a close shave with some monkeys once in Bali.
RobA close shave is where you only just manage to avoid a dangerous situation. So Neil, what happened?
NeilI was walking up a mountain on my own and suddenly a bunch of monkeys jumped out of nowhere, blocking my path.
RobOh goodness! OK. So what did you do?
NeilAfter standing there for ages while the monkeys screeched at me, I turned round and walked back the way I came.
RobOK. If you screech at someone it means to make a loud, high and unpleasant sound. So the monkeys won that face-off, then!
NeilAbsolutely! Yes, they did! And a face-off, by the way, means an argument or fight.
RobWell, today’s show is about gibbons and the different sounds they make. Gibbons are small apes that live in Southeast Asia. And while Neil’s monkeys screech unpleasantly, gibbons sound like they are singing.
NeilMusical apes – that’s nice! So how about today’s quiz question, Rob?
RobOK, good idea. How far can a gibbon’s voice travel through the forest? Is it…
a) 500m
b) 1km
or c) 5km?
NeilHmm. Well, I have to guess and I’m going to say b) 1km.
RobYou’ve never heard one.
NeilNever heard one…
RobOK. We’ll find out later on in the programme whether you’re right or wrong. Now let’s listen to what a gibbon really sounds like.
Interview with Dr Esther Clarke, researcher at Durham University Interviewer: Let’s just hear this. [gibbons calling] That’s an absolutely wonderful, evocative sound, isn’t it? Beautiful sound. And what are they doing there then? That is … I said talking to each other.
Dr Clarke: Well this is their… They’re singing together. So a male and a female, when they hold a territory together, will sing every morning what they call a duet. All the groups…
Interviewer: What we call a duet.
Dr Clarke: Yes, absolutely. And they’ll all sing together at the same time, and the whole forest will be alive with this cacophony of song.
RobSo the gibbons make an evocative sound. If something is evocative it brings strong feelings or memories to mind.
NeilAnd something that is evocative is usually pleasant, Rob.
RobIt is. And what’s also interesting is that the apes are singing in pairs – one male and one female. They are singing duets together. So a duet is a song sung by two people – or in this case, sung by two gibbons!
NeilAnd a lot of gibbons are singing duets at the same time – which Dr Clarke describes as a cacophony. Cacophony means a mix of loud noises, which often sound out of tune.
RobAnd that could easily describe us singing together!
NeilLet’s not do that.
RobBut what’s the reason for the gibbon duets, Neil?
NeilWell, the songs advertise the relationship between the male and the female. And they also help to make clear which territory – or bit of land – belongs to a pair or group of gibbons.
RobGibbons also use different sounds to alert – or warn – other gibbons about danger from predators – these are animals that eat other animals. The gibbons use a quiet ‘hoo hoo’ call to communicate that a leopard is nearby, and an even quieter ‘hoo hoo’ call for an eagle.
NeilYou’re very good at that Rob.
RobThank you.
NeilNow let’s hear more from Dr Clarke about this. How does she describe language?
Dr Esther Clarke, researcher at Durham University
Yes, so the idea is that if we find things like context-specific calling in non-human primates, it suggests that way back in time the ancestor that we shared with them also had context-specific calling so basically it just gives us some clues [as] to the evolutionary roots of complex communication like language.
RobDr Clarke says that if we go far enough back in time humans and other primates such as monkeys and apes have the same ancestor.
NeilRight. And ancestor means an animal – or human – from the past that a modern animal or human has descended from. So if this common ancestor used context-specific calls like modern gibbons – then it could have passed on this ability to humans a long time ago.
RobContext-specific calling means different calls for different situations, for example one call for ‘leopard’ and another for ‘eagle’.
NeilAnd evolutionary means a gradual process of change or development.
RobOK, let’s have the answer to the quiz question. Earlier I asked: How far can a gibbon’s voice travel through the forest? Is it: a) 500m b) 1km or c) 5km?
NeilAnd I said b) 1km.
RobAnd you were right! A good guess! Perhaps you do know a lot about gibbons. So well done! Now, can we hear today’s words again maybe in a gibbon's voice Neil?
NeilI’m not sure about that. I’ll do it in a human voice.
primates
a close shave
screech
face-off
gibbons
evocative
duet
cacophony
territory
alert
predators
ancestor
evolutionary
RobThank you. Well, that's the end of today's 6 Minute English.

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